In this post, I am sharing the Class 12 Biology Chapter 23 Notes PDF for the students of Intermediate Part 2. This chapter’s name is Biotechnology. Students can download the Class 12 Biology Chapter 23 Notes PDF on their laptops or mobile. These Biology Notes are for all the boards working under the Punjab Board like Gujranwala Board, Lahore Board, Faisalabad Board, Multan Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Kahn Board, and Sahiwal Board. Here are the complete FSC 2nd Year Biology Notes PDF chapters.
FSC Part 2 Biology Chapter 23 Notes – Biotechnology
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Definition:
Biotechnology is the major field of biology which deals with the use of living organisms, systems or processes in manufacturing and service industries.
Aims of Biotechnology:
- This is the modern technique which enables genes to be removed from one organism and inserted into another in order to produce a desired substance insulin.
- Since 1980 biotechnology has produced many drugs and vaccines to control human illnesses.
- Genetically enfineered bacteria have been used to clean up environmental pllutants, incease the fertility of the soil, and kill insect pests.
- Gene therapy in humans, attempting to repair a faulty gene is already undergoing chemical trials.
- There are those who are opposed to manupulation of genes for any person. Although there have been no ill effects as yet, they fear the possibility of health and ecological reprecussions in the future.
HOW TO GET A GENE OF INTEREST:
There are three possible ways to get the gene of interest.
a) To isolate it from the Chromosome:
Genes can be isolated from the chromosomes by cutting the chromosomes on the specific of the regions using special enzymes known as retriction endonucleases.
b) To Chemically Synthesize a Gene:
If the genes are small, they can also be synthesized chemically in the laboratory by linking the specific sequence of nucleotides.
c) To make a Gene From m RNA:
The gene of choice can also be synthesized in the laboratory from messenger RNA, using reverse transcripts. This DNA molecule is called complementary DNA.
How to Download 2nd year Biology Chapter 23 Notes
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