Group llA Group lVA Elements
In this post, I am sharing the Class 12 Chemistry Notes Chapter 3 PDF for the students of FSC 2nd Year. The name of this chapter is Group llA Group lVA Elements. Students can download the 12th Chemistry Chapter 3 Notes in PDF format on their laptops or mobile. These Chemistry Notes are for the FSC Part 2 students of all boards working under the Punjab Board like Gujranwala Board, Lahore Board, Faisalabad Board, Multan Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, and Sahiwal Board. Here are the complete FSC 2nd Year Chemistry Notes PDF of all chapters.
Properties of Kaolin or Pure Clay:
Pure, which has the formula shown above, is white and called kaolin. It is used to make porcelain and china wares. Ordinary clay contains compounds of iron and other metals and is yellow or reddish yellow.
Impure clays can be more easily fused because they contain oxides of iron, calcium, magnesium, and other metals, forming easily fusible silicates with sand. Such clays are used to make bricks, tiles, and stoneware. Due to the presence of ferric oxide, the articles of this clay turn reddish when heated in a kiln.
Stoneware is usually glazed to give it a less porous surface by throwing salt upon the articles while they are hot. This treatment produces sodium aluminate NaAO2 and sodium aluminum silicate, which melts readily and covers the entire surface. When the article cools, the covering solidifies, producing a compact, smooth waterproof surface. China wares are made from a mixture of kaolin, bone ash, and feldspar; the mixture fuses when heated and fills the pores between the grains of kaolin.
The use of clay in making pottery and other ceramic articles depends upon the plasticity of the paste.
When soaked in water, the clay progressively hydrates, and the paste becomes more plastic, When the clay is heated, the water of hydration is lost, and a hard rock like mass is formed.
How to Download?
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Relevant Notes:
- 12th Class Chemistry Chapter 2 Notes
- 12th Class Chemistry Chapter 2 Short Questions
- 12th Class Chemistry Chapter 2 Solved Exercise
